Revised and updated, the eighth edition of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals remains the essential resource for detailed information on farm animal anatomy and physiology.
Offers a revised edition to this comprehensive guide to the anatomy and physiology of farm animals
Presents learning objectives in each chapter for the first time
Adds new material on endocrine and metabolic regulation of growth and body composition
Features additional illustrations to enhance comprehension
Includes a companion website that offers supplemental content, including word roots, clinical cases, study and practice questions, the images from the book and additional images, diagrams, and videos to enhance learning.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical Nomenclature, Directional Terms, and Planes of Section
Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and Tissues
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
The General Plan of the Animal Body
Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Cell
Properties of Life
Chemical Composition of the Cell
Water
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Inorganic Substances
Acids, Bases and pH
Microscopic Study of the Cell
Light Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
The Cell Membrane
Structure of the Membrane
Intercellular Contact and Adhesion
Transport Across Cell Membranes
Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Membrane Potentials and Excitable Cells
Resting Membrane Potential
Excitable Cells and Action Potentials
Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Signaling
Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoplasm
The Golgi Apparatus
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Other Structures
Nucleus
Structure of the Nucleus
DNA and DNA Replication
RNA: Transcription and Translation
Biotechnology
Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis
Regulation of Cell Growth and Replication
Chapter 3 Embryology
Development of Germ Layers
Principles of Differentiation
Neurulation
Mesodermal Differentiation
Teratogenesis
Chapter 4 The Skeletal System
Functions of Bones
Terminology
Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Column
Sternum and Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Thoracic Limbs
Pelvic Limbs
Chapter 5 Microscopic Anatomy and Growth and Development of Bone
Microscopic Anatomy and Formation of Bone
Ossification
Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) Ossification
Intramembranous Ossification
Physiology of Bone
Bone Mechanics and Remodeling
Calcium of Bone
Fractures and Fracture Healing
Other Pathologic Conditions
Chapter 6 Joints
Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Other Synovial Structures
Movements of Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Joints of the Axial Skeleton
Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton
Joints of the Thoracic Limb
Joints of the Pelvic Limb
Pathology of Joints and Related Structures
Chapter 7 Anatomy of the Muscular System
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Organization
Muscle Attachments
Functional Grouping of Muscles
Synovial Structures
Muscles of the Thoracic Limb
Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb
Muscles Acting on the Shoulder Joint
Muscles Acting on the Elbow
Muscles Acting on the Distal Limb
Muscles of the Pelvic Limb
Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint
Muscles Acting on the Stifle
Muscles Acting on the Distal Limb
Muscles of the Head
Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Facial Expression
Other Muscles of the Head
Muscles of the Trunk and Neck
Extensors of the Vertebral Column
Flexors of the Vertebral Column
Abdominal Muscles
Muscles of Respiration
Chapter 8 The Equine Foot and Passive Stay Apparatus
Structure of the Foot
Bones and Cartilages
Cornified Tissues
Tendons
Ligaments
Synovial Structures
Function
Concussion and Storage of Energy
Stay Apparatus
Thoracic Limb
Pelvic Limb
Chapter 9 Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Structure
Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation
Strength of Contraction
Drugs That Affect Skeletal Muscle Function
Types of Muscle Contraction
Smooth Muscle
Structure
Stress–Relaxation
Contraction and Relaxation
Role and Sources of Calcium
Action Potentials and Slow Waves
Autonomic Innervation
Cardiac Muscle
Excitation and Contraction
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Chapter 10 Anatomy of the Nervous System
Microscopic Neuroanatomy
Embryology
Central Nervous System
Brain
Meninges
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
Chapter 11 Physiology of the Nervous System
Functional Regions of the Neuron
Physiology of the Nerve Impulse
Conduction Velocity and Myelination
Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitters
Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle
Reflexes Involving Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Voluntary Movement
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Regulation of Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors
Regeneration and Repair in the Nervous System
Chapter 12 Sense Organs
Sensory Receptors
Somatosensation
Pain
Proprioception
Touch
Visceral Sensations
Chemical Senses
Gustation
Olfaction
Hearing and Balance
External Ear
Middle Ear
Internal Ear
Physiology of Hearing
Mechanisms of Balance
Vision
Ocular Adnexa
Globe
Lens
Visual Field and Light Path
Visual Pathways of the Brain
Chapter 13 Endocrinology
Hormones and Their Receptors
Chemical Classes of Hormones
Eicosanoids
Hormone Receptors
Cellular Effects of Peptide Hormones
Cellular Effects of Steroid and Thyroid Hormones
Negative and Positive Feedback Regulation
Hypothalamopituitary Axis
Hormones of the Neurohypophysis
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis
Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Other Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Pancreatic Islets
Epiphysis (Pineal Gland)
Chapter 14 The Integument
Integument
Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Adnexa of the Skin
Hair
Glands
Modified Epidermis
Hooves
Horns
Dewclaws
Chestnuts and Ergots
Coat Color in Horses
Wool
Chapter 15 Blood and Other Body Fluids
Blood
Formed Elements of Blood and Hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes
Plasma and Serum
Blood pH
Hemostasis and Coagulation
Platelets and the Endothelium
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Coagulation Pathways
Lymph
Serous Fluids
Chapter 16 Body Defenses and the Immune System
Nonspecific Defenses
Specific Immune Response
B Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity
Lymphocyte Origin, Development, and Residence
Active and Passive Immunities
Immunological Surveillance
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Chapter 17 Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
Heart
Pericardium
Cardiac Anatomy
Vessels
Blood Vessels
Lymphatic Vessels
Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation
Aorta
Arterial Distribution to the Head
Arterial Distribution to Thoracic Limb
Arterial Distribution to Pelvic Limb
Veins
Cranial Vena Cava
Caudal Vena Cava
Portal System
Fetal Circulation
Chapter 18 Physiology of the Heart and Circulation
Basic Design and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Cycle
Systole
Diastole
Heart Sounds and Murmurs
Echocardiography
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Sinoatrial Node and Heart Rate
Atrioventricular Node and Other
Specialized Conductive Cells in the Heart
Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias
Cardiac Output and Its Regulation
Ventricular Filling and Stroke Volume
Cardiac Contractility and Stroke Volume
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels
Function of Blood Vessels
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume
Neural Reflexes
Humoral Agents
Paracrine Agents
Cardiovascular Function During Exercise and Hypovolemia
Chapter 19 The Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea and Bronchi
Thorax
Lungs
Pleura
Physiology of Respiration
Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Gas Transport in Blood
Control of Ventilation
Chapter 20 Anatomy of the Digestive System
Organization of the Digestive System
Mouth
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Tonsils
Esophagus
Simple Stomach
Ruminant Stomach
Ruminoreticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Ruminants
Pig
Horse
Peritoneal Features
Accessory Digestive Organs
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Liver
Chapter 21 Physiology of Digestion
Pregastric Physiology
Prehension and Chewing
Saliva and Salivary Glands
Swallowing
Ruminant Forestomach
Fermentative Digestion
Forestomach Motility
Reticular, or Esophageal, Groove
Omasum
Gastric Physiology
Gastric Glands and Secretions
Gastric Motility
Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Liver
Small Intestine Secretions and Motility
Exocrine Pancreas
Liver Digestive Functions and Secretion of Bile
Nutrient Absorption in the Small Intestine
Physiology of the Cecum and Colon
Cecum and Colon of the Horse
Rectum and Defecation
Neuroendocrine Control of Feeding
Chapter 22 Nutrition and Metabolism
Nutrition
Metabolism
Absorptive State: Anabolism
Postabsorptive State: Catabolism
Energy Needs During Exercise
Blood Glucose in Ruminants
Ketosis
Chapter 23
The Urinary System
Anatomy of the Kidney
Blood and Nerve Supply
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Micturition
Overview of Function and Histology of the Kidneys
Glomerular Filtration
Proximal Tubule Transport
Concentration and Dilution of Urine: Role of the Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct Transport
Sodium Chloride and Water Reabsorption by the Loop of Henle
Collecting Duct Transport and Antidiuretic Hormone
Osmotic Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone
Polyuria and Polydipsia
Sodium, Potassium, and Aldosterone
Urine Acidification
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Extracellular and Intracellular Buffers
Classification of Alkalosis and Acidosis and Compensation
Chapter 24 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Testis
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Scrotum
Inguinal Canal Descent of the Testis
Castration
Accessory Sex Glands
Ampullae
Vesicular Glands
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
Penis
Prepuce
Muscles of the Male Genitalia
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Male Genitalia
Chapter 25 Physiology of Male Reproduction
Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatogenesis
Seminiferous Tubules
Germ Cells and Spermatogenesis
Spermatozoa Morphology and Spermatogenesis
Rates and Timing of Spermatogenesis
Epididymis
Semen and Semen Technology
Hormones of Male Reproduction
Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Function
Testosterone and Its Effects
Erection and Ejaculation
Chapter 26 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vestibule and Vulva
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Female Reproductive Tract
Chapter 27 The Ovary and Estrous Cycles
Oogenesis
Secondary Follicles
Hormones and Follicular Development
Ovulation
Luteinizing Hormone Surge
Spontaneous and Reflex Ovulators
Seasonal Transition
Corpus Luteum
Phases of the Estrous Cycle
Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus and Anestrus
Puberty
Specifics of Selected Estrous Cycles
Mare
Cow
Ewe
Sow
Chapter 28 Pregnancy and Parturition
Fertilization
Spermatozoa Transport and Viability
Gamete Fusion and Early Embryonic Development
Implantation and Placentation
Hormones of Pregnancy
Progesterone
Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Relaxin
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Parturition
Late Gestation
Initiation of Parturition
Oxytocin
Fetal Presentations and Delivery
Dystocia
Chapter 29 Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammary Glands
Mammary Glands of the Cow
Suspensory Apparatus
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Vessels
Microscopic Anatomy of the Mammary Gland
Mammary Glands of Swine
Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats
Mammary Glands of the Horse
Physiology of Lactation
Composition of Milk
Milk Secretion
Lactogenesis
Galactogenesis
Milk Ejection or Letdown
Colostrum
Cessation of Lactation
Chapter 30
Poultry
Integument
Body Design
Skeleton and Bone
Musculature
Gastrointestinal System
Respiratory System
Ventilation and Gas Exchange
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Urinary System
Female Reproductive System
Egg Formation and Oviposition
Male Reproductive System
Sex Chromosomes
Reproduction and Photoperiods
Appendix: Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index
