Neurologic Outcomes of Surgery and Anesthesia

Most of the developments in perioperative medicine the 20th century were focused on the establishment of standard monitors, biomarkers, and outcomes measures for the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, with marked improvements in perioperative safety. The fields of anesthesiology and perioperative medicine have now shifted to the consideration of the nervous system. Complications such as delirium, cognitive decline, anesthetic neurotoxicity, stroke and other devastating nervous system events are only now developing significant scientific and clinical attention. Yet there has been no single reference to serve as a guide for the clinician or the investigator in this area. Neurologic Outcomes of Surgery and Anesthesia fills this gap in perioperative medicine literature and provides a concise yet thorough overview of adverse outcomes involving the brain, spine, and peripheral nerves. Rather than being organized by type of operation, each chapter in this invaluable resource is devoted to a specific adverse outcome. Every outcome is reviewed in an easy-to-follow format that includes an introduction to the clinical problem, a section on incidence, prevalence, and outcomes, an assessment of risk factors, discussions of preventive strategies, treatment, and current recommendations, a conclusion, and references. George A. Mashour, Director, Division of Neuroanesthesiology; Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery; Faculty, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan School of Medicine, USA, and Michael S. Avidan, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA CONTENTS Brain 1. Anesthetic Neurotoxicity Ansgar Brambrink 2. Delirium Liz Whitlock, Michael Avidan, and Sharon Inouye 3. Cognitive Decline Rob Sanders, Mervyn Maze, Alex S. Evers, and Michael Avidan 4. Stroke George Mashour, Laurel Moore, and Lewis Morgenstern 5. Seizures Sandra Kopp, Adam Jacob, and Adam Niesen 6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Michael Avidan, Elliott Karren, Elizabeth Whitlock, and Thomas L. Rodebaugh Spinal Cord 7. Spinal Cord Injury 1: Cervical Spine Mazen A. Maktabi 8. Spinal Cord Injury 2: Spine and Vascular Surgery Rehan Siddiqui and Rae Allain 9. Neuropathic Pain (CRPS, Central sensitization) Gary Brenner and Robert Griffin Nerve 10. Peripheral Nerve Injury Chad Brummett and Marnie B. Welch 11. Ischemic optic neuropathy Lorri A. Lee and Vijay K. Rimaiah Future Directions 12. Neurophysiologic Monitoring Antoun Koht, Tod Sloan, and Richard Toleikis 13. Neurologic Biomarkers Juan Cata