Netter's Illustrated Human Pathology

Netter's Illustrated Human Pathology provides students with a clear, concise and compelling presentation of the pathological basis of more common human diseases. Incorporating more than 380 Netter images, gross and microscopic photographs, tables - a total of 452 figures and 255 slides - readers will gain insight and understanding of structure-function relationships and the pathological basis of human disease. Beginning with a concise summary of the various pathological processes and diseases, each chapter consists of illustrations of pathological processes and diseases accompanied by concise text aimed at clarifying and expanding the information presented in the illustrations. This book offers a superb complement to more comprehensive textbooks of pathology and makes a great review resource for students, medical residents, physicians and other healthcare professionals. Netter's Illustrated Human Pathology incorporates more than 380 Netter images, gross and microscopic photographs, and numerous tables - and a total of 452 figures and 255 slides. L. Maximilian Buja, MD, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Gerhard R. F. Krueger, MD, PhD, The University of Cologne and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston CONTENTS Chapter 1: General Reaction Patterns Introduction 1 Degeneration 2 Atrophy 3 Apoptosis and Necrosis 4 Acute Inflammation 5 Chronic Inflammation 6 Immunologic Inflammation: B Cell 7 Immunologic Inflammation: T Cell 9 Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 10 Dysplasia and Neoplasia 11 Malignant Tumors 12 Chapter 2: Cardiovascular System Introduction 15 Congenital Malformations Ventricular Septal Defect: Membranous Type 18 Patent Ductus Arteriosus 19 Atrial Septal Defects 20 Atrioventricular Septal Defects 21 Tetralogy of Fallot 22 Transposition of the Great Vessels 23 Tricuspid Atresia 24 Coarctation of the Aorta 25 Aortic Atresia and Aortic Valvular Stenosis 26 Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis 27 Critical Areas of Atherosclerosis 28 Coronary Heart Disease Pathologic Changes in Coronary Artery Disease 29 Acute and Subacute Myocardial Infarcts 30 Healed Myocardial Infarcts 31 Rupture of Myocardial Infarcts 32 Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease Causes of Hypertension 33 The Kidneys in Hypertension: Benign and Malignant 34 The Heart in Hypertension: Concentric Hypertrophy 35 Heart Failure Pathophysiology of Heart Failure 36 The Kidneys in Congestive Heart Failure 37 Left-Sided Heart Failure: Eccentric Hypertrophy 38 Right-Sided Heart Failure: Acute Cor Pulmonale 39 Right-Sided Heart Failure: Chronic Cor Pulmonale 40 Diseases of the Aorta Aortic Atherosclerosis 41 Cystic Medial Necrosis of the Aorta 42 Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta 43 Immunologic Diseases Rheumatic Fever 44 Rheumatic Heart Disease 45 Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease 46 Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis 47 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 48 Myocarditis in Sarcoidosis and Scleroderma 49 Infections and Other Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis 50 Infective Endocarditis: Portals of Entry and Predisposing Factors 51 Infective Endocarditis: Early Lesions 52 Infective Endocarditis: Advanced Lesions 53 Infective Endocarditis: Right-Sided Involvement 54 Infective Endocarditis: Remote Embolic Effects 55 Septic Myocarditis 56 Diphtheritic and Viral Myocarditis 57 Cardiomyopathies and Metabolic Diseases Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy 58 Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 59 Cardiac Involvement in Amyloidosis: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 60 Valvular Heart Disease Rheumatic Heart Disease 61 Aortic Valve Disease 62 Mitral Valve Prolapse 63 Tumors of the Heart Primary Heart Tumors 64 Metastatic Heart Tumors 65 Diseases of the Pericardium Diseases of the Pericardium 66 Adhesive Pericarditis 67 Trauma Nonpenetrating and Penetrating Heart Wounds 68 Chapter 3: Respiratory System Introduction 69 Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 70 Chronic Bronchitis 71 Cystic Fibrosis 72 Emphysema 73 Asthma 74 Restrictive Lung Diseases Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome 75 Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis 76 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 77 Collagen-Vascular Disease: Lung Involvement 78 Systemic Vasculitis: Wegener Disease 79 Pneumoconiosis 80 Sarcoidosis 82 Vascular Lung Diseases Pulmonary Embolism 83 Pulmonary Infectious Diseases Bacterial Pneumonias 85 Viral Pneumonias 86 Opportunistic Pneumonias 87 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 88 Tumors in the Lungs and the Pleura Lung Cancer 90 Small-Cell Lung Cancer 91 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer 92 Lung Cancer: Extrapulmonary Manifestations 93 Pancoast Tumor 94 Other Lung Tumors 95 Metastatic Malignancy to the Lung 96 Chapter 4: Gastrointestinal System Introduction 97 Diseases of the Esophagus Esophagitis 99 Chronic Reflux Esophagitis and Barrett Esophagus 100 Esophageal Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma 101 Esophageal Cancer: Adenocarcinoma 102 Diseases of the Stomach Gastric Hernia 103 Gastritis 105 Atrophic Gastritis 106 Peptic Ulcers 107 Duodenal Ulcers 108 Carcinomas of the Stomach 109 Early Gastric Cancer 110 Spread of Gastric Carcinomas 111 Diseases of the Small and Large Intestines Diverticulosis of the Colon 112 Malabsorption Syndrome 114 Food Poisoning 116 Shigellosis 118 Typhoid Fever 119 Amebiasis 120 Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis 121 Parasitic Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract 122 Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion 124 Acute Appendicitis 125 Acute Peritonitis 126 Crohn Disease 127 Ulcerative Colitis 128 Bowel Obstruction Obstruction of the Bowel 130 Tumors of the Small and Large Intestines Tumors of the Small Intestine 132 Familial Polyposis of the Large Intestine 133 Cancer of the Small Intestine: Adenocarcinomas 134 Cancer of the Small Intestine: Lymphomas 135 Cancer of the Small Intestine: Carcinoid Tumors 136 Colon Cancer 137 Chapter 5: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Introduction 139 Inflammatory Diseases of the Liver Acute Viral Hepatitis 142 Chronic Hepatitis 143 Cirrhosis of the Liver 144 Portal Hypertension 145 Bacterial Infections of the Liver 146 Liver Abscesses 147 Granulomatous Hepatitis 148 Weil Disease 149 Echinococcus Cyst 150 Schistosomiasis 151 Toxic and Immunologic Disorders of the Liver Alcoholism 152 Toxic Injuries 153 Metabolic Diseases Involving the Liver Hemochromatosis 154 Wilson Disease 155 Amyloidosis of the Liver 156 Storage Diseases 157 Primary Tumors of the Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma 158 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma 159 Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis Cholelithiasis 160 Cholelithiasis: Complications 161 Cholestasis: Extrahepatic and Intrahepatic 162 Cholecystitis 164 Tumors of the Gallbladder and the Bile Ducts Cancer of the Gallbladder 165 Cancer of the Bile Ducts and the Ampullary Region 166 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis 167 Chronic Pancreatitis 168 Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis 169 Carcinoma of the Pancreas Pancreatic Cancer 170 Tumors of the Pancreas: Metastases 171 Chapter 6: Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder Introduction 173 Primary Diseases of the Kidney Acute Renal Failure I 175 Acute Renal Failure II 176 Chronic Renal Failure 177 Uremia 178 Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology 179 Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathology 180 Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease 181 Acute and Chronic Glomerular Injury Produced by Circulating Immune Complexes 182 Acute Glomerulonephritis 184 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Early Stage 185 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis 186 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Membranous Glomerulonephritis 187 Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis 188 Nephropathy in Anaphylactoid Purpura 189 Lupus Nephritis 190 Acute Diffuse Interstitial Nephritis 192 The Kidney and Systemic Diseases Diabetic Nephropathy: Renal Pathology 193 Benign Essential Hypertension 194 Malignant Phase of Essential Hypertension: Renal Pathology 195 Renovascular Hypertension 196 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome 197 Renal Amyloidosis 198 Progressive Systemic Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis 199 Polyarteritis Nodosa 200 Toxic Nephropathy 201 Renal Vein Thrombosis 202 Lung Purpura With Nephritis 203 Hypokalemic Nephropathy 204 Calcium Nephropathy 205 Myeloma 206 Diseases of the Urinary System Obstructive Uropathy 207 Cystitis 208 Pyelonephritis 209 Papillary Necrosis 210 Renal Carbuncle and Perirenal Abscess 211 Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract 212 Urinary Schistosomiasis 213 Urinary Tract Calculi 214 Renal Cystic Diseases: Simple Cysts 215 Renal Cystic Diseases: Adult Polycystic Kidney 216 Benign Renal Tumors 217 Malignant Tumors of the Kidney 218 Tumors of the Pelvis and the Ureter 220 Tumors of the Bladder 221 Nephroblastoma 222 Diverticula of the Bladder 223 Neurogenic Bladder 224 Chapter 7: Diseases of the Male Reproductive System Introduction 225 Development of the Genital Tracts Functional Gonadal Relations 227 Hermaphroditism 228 Diseases of the Penis and the Urethra Congenital Anomalies: Congenital Valves, Epispadia, and Hypospadia 229 Phimosis, Paraphimosis, and Strangulation 230 Peyronie Disease, Priapism, and Thrombosis 231 Balanitis 232 Urethritis 233 Syphilis 234 Chancroid, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Granuloma Inguinale 235 Strictures 236 Warts, Precancerous Lesions, and Early Cancer 237 Papilloma and Cancer of the Urethra 239 Diseases of the Prostate Gland and the Seminal Tract Prostatitis 240 Nodular Hyperplasia: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 241 Carcinoma of the Prostate: Types, Extension, and Metastases 243 Diseases of the Scrotum and the Testis Hydrocele and Spermatocele 245 Varicocele, Hematocele, and Torsion 246 Infection and Gangrene 247 Testicular Failure: Primary or Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism and Prepubertal Failure 248 Testicular Failure: Secondary or Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism 249 Sexual Precocity 250 Infection and Abscess of the Testis and the Epididymis 251 Testicular Tumors: Seminoma and Embryonal Carcinoma 252 Testicular Tumors: Chorioepithelioma, Teratoma, and Teratocarcinoma 253 Chapter 8: Diseases of the Female Reproductive System Introduction 255 Diseases of the Vulva Dermatoses 258 Diabetic Vulvitis, Trichomoniasis, Moniliasis, and Gonorrhea 259 Syphilis and Genital (Venereal) Warts 260 Chancroid, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Granuloma Inguinale 261 Circulatory Disturbances, Cysts, and Benign Tumors 262 Malignant Tumors 263 Diseases of the Vagina Congenital Anomalies 264 Vaginal Atrophy 265 Cystocele and Rectocele 266 Trichomoniasis, Moniliasis, Nonspecific Vaginitis, and Chemical and Traumatic Vaginitis 267 Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Tuberculosis 269 Cysts and Primary Benign and Malignant Tumors 270 Malignant Tumors: Metastases and Extension 272 Endometriosis of the Vulva, the Vagina, and the Cervix 273 Diseases of the Uterus Congenital Anomalies 274 Displacements and Prolapse 275 Lacerations, Strictures, and Polyps 277 Endometrial Hyperplasia and Polyps and Tuberculous Endometritis 278 Cervicitis: Erosions, Moniliasis, Trichomoniasis, and Syphilis 279 Cervicitis: Gonorrhea and Pyogenic Infections 280 Leiomyoma (Fibroid) 281 Myoma: Secondary Changes 282 Sarcoma 283 Cervical Cancer: Cytology 284 Cervical Cancer: Stages and Types 285 Cancer of the Uterine Corpus: Stages and Types 286 Cancer of the Uterine Corpus: Histology and Extension 287 Functional and Pathologic Causes of Uterine Bleeding 288 Diseases of the Fallopian Tubes Acute Salpingitis: Pathways of Infection and Parametritis 289 Acute Salpingitis: Pyosalpinx 290 Pelvic Peritonitis: Abscess 291 Tubo-ovarian Abscess 292 Tuberculosis 293 Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa and Carcinoma 294 Diseases of the Ovary Developmental Abnormalities 295 Physiologic Variations and Nonneoplastic Cysts 296 Endometriosis of the Pelvis 297 Serous Cystoma and Serous Cystadenoma 298 Papillary Serous Cystadenoma 299 Mucinous Cystadenoma 300 Teratoma: Dermoid Cyst and Solid Teratoma 301 Feminizing Neoplasms: Granulosa Cell Tumor and Theca Cell Tumor 302 Masculinizing Neoplasms: Arrhenoblastoma and Adrenal Rest Tumor 303 Stein-Leventhal Syndrome 304 Dysgerminoma and Brenner Tumor 305 Stromatogenous Neoplasms: Fibroma, Meigs Syndrome, and Sarcoma 306 Primary Cystic Carcinoma 307 Primary Solid Carcinoma 308 Secondary Ovarian Carcinoma 309 Pregnancy and Its Diseases Placenta Previa and Abruptio Placentae 310 Couvelaire Uterus, Rupture of the Uterus, and Maternal Pulmonary Embolism 312 Ectopic Pregnancy: Tubal Pregnancy 313 Abortion 314 Syphilis 315 Puerperal Infection 316 Intrauterine Neoplasms 317 Erythroblastosis Fetalis 318 Acute Toxemia of Pregnancy: Symptomatology of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 319 Acute Toxemia of Pregnancy: Visceral Lesions in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 320 Acute Toxemia of Pregnancy: Placental Lesions in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia and Infarcts 321 Pathology of the Mammary Gland Painful Engorgement and Puerperal Mastitis 322 Fibrocystic Disease: Early Changes 323 Fibrocystic Disease: Cystic Changes 324 Fibrocystic Disease: Adenosis 325 Benign Fibroadenoma and Intracystic Papilloma 326 Giant Myxoma and Sarcoma 327 Infiltrating Carcinoma 328 Fulminant Carcinoma 329 Circumscribed Forms of Adenocarcinoma 330 Paget Disease of the Nipple 331 Chapter 9: Integumentary System (Skin) Introduction 333 Acute Dermatitis Urticaria and Acute Eczematous Dermatitis 334 Erythema Multiforme 335 Chronic Dermatitis Lichen Planus and Psoriasis 336 Vesicular and Bullous Dermatoses Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Pemphigus Vulgaris 337 Infectious Diseases Impetigo, Cellulitis, and Erysipelas 338 Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster 339 Miscellaneous Viral Skin Infections 340 Dermal Candidiasis 341 Lyme Disease 342 Hyperplasia and Benign Tumors Keratoses 343 Nevi 344 Malignant Tumors Basal Cell Carcinoma 345 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 345 Malignant Lymphomas 346 Malignant Melanoma 347 Chapter 10: Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Tissues Introduction 349 Red Blood Cell Disorders Acquired Anemias 350 Hereditary Anemias 351 Anemias of Deficient Hemopoiesis 352 Polycythemia Vera 353 Malaria 354 White Blood Cell Disorders (Nonlymphatic) Hematopoietic Hypoplasia 355 Myelodysplastic Syndrome 356 Osteomyelofibrosis 357 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 358 Primary Thrombocythemia 359 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 360 AML Subtypes M0, M1, and M2 361 AML Subtype M3 362 AML Subtypes M4 and M5 362 AML Subtypes M6 and M7 363 Nonneoplastic Lymphatic Disorders Lymphatic Hyperplasia 364 Autoimmune Diseases 365 Suppurative Inflammation 366 Granulomatous Inflammation 367 Viral Infections 368 Immune Deficiency Disorders 369 Acquired Immune Deficiency Disorders 370 Graft-Versus-Host Reaction 371 Neoplastic Lymphatic Disorders Hodgkin Disease 372 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, Gross 373 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, Microscopic View 375 Lymphocytic Leukemias 376 Multiple Myeloma and Waldenström Disease 377 Chapter 11: Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissues Introduction 379 Diseases of Calcium Metabolism Osteoporosis 381 Osteoporosis: Clinical Manifestations 382 Rickets and Osteomalacia 383 Renal Osteodystrophy 384 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 385 Infectious Diseases Osteomyelitis 386 Chronic Osteomyelitis 387 Infectious Arthritis 388 Tuberculous Arthritis 389 Noninfectious Arthritic Diseases Osteoarthritis 390 Osteoarthritis: Clinical Manifestations 391 Rheumatoid Arthritis 392 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Manifestations 393 Paget Disease Paget Disease 394 Paget Disease: Clinical Manifestations 395 Tumors of the Skeletal System Fibrous Dysplasia 396 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts 397 Enchondroma 399 Osteochondroma 400 Giant Cell Tumor 401 Osteosarcoma 402 Chondrosarcoma 403 Ewing Sarcoma 404 Soft Tissue Disorders Compartment Syndrome 405 Collagen-Vascular Disease 406 Benign Soft Tissue Tumors 408 Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors 409 Chapter 12: Endocrine System Introduction 411 Hypothalamus Endocrine Function I 413 Endocrine Function II 414 Pituitary Gland Anatomy of Hypophysis 415 Acidophil Adenoma 416 Basophil Adenoma 417 Chromophobe Adenoma 418 Hypopituitarism 419 Diabetes Insipidus 420 Thyroid Gland Physiology of Thyroid Hormones 421 Hyperthyroidism 422 Congenital Hypothyroidism and Myxedema 423 Goiter 425 Thyroiditis 426 Thyroid Adenomas 428 Thyroid Carcinoma 428 Parathyroid Glands Hyperparathyroidism 430 Hypoparathyroidism 431 Adrenal Cortex Anatomy and Hyperplasia 432 Adrenogenital Syndrome 433 Hyperaldosteronism 434 Acute Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency 435 Chronic Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency 436 Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytomas 437 Endocrine Pancreas Hyperinsulinism 438 Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 439 Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 440 Chapter 13: Nervous System Introduction 441 Neurologic Disorders of Infancy and Childhood Cranial Hemorrhage 444 Brain Malformations 445 Spinal Dysraphism 446 Hydrocephalus 447 Hypotonia 448 Brain Tumors in Children 449 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 450 Pathologic Basis of Common Problems in Neurology Headache/Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica 451 Causes of Vertigo 452 Causes of Seizures 453 Differential Diagnosis of Coma 454 Cerebrovascular Disease Diagnosis of Stroke 455 Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Embolism 456 Stenosis or Occlusion of the Carotid Artery 457 Collateral Circulation With Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery 458 Occlusion of the Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries 459 Lacunar Infarction 460 Ischemia in Vertebrobasilar Territory: Clinical Manifestations Related to Site 461 Cardiac Sources of Cerebral Emboli 462 Uncommon Etiologic Mechanisms in Stroke 463 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 464 Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Clinical Manifestations Related to Site 465 Vascular Malformations 466 Congenital Intracranial Aneurysms 467 Hypoxic Brain Damage and Brain Death 468 Central Nervous System Trauma Epidural Hematoma 469 Acute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma 470 Cervical Spine Injury: Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes 472 Brain Tumors Gliomas 473 Tumors Metastatic to the Brain 474 Meningiomas 475 Pituitary Tumors 476 Craniopharyngiomas 477 Tumors of the Pineal Region 478 Acoustic Neuromas 479 Neurofibromatosis 480 Intraventricular Tumors 481 Degenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System Alzheimer Disease: Pathology 482 Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus 483 Chorea 484 Parkinson Disease and Related Disorders 485 Infectious Diseases Bacterial Meningitis 486 Parameningeal Infections 488 Neurosyphilis 489 Tuberculosis of the Brain and Spine 490 Poliomyelitis 491 Herpes Zoster 493 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis and Rabies 494 Slow Virus Infections and Spongiform Encephalopathies 495 Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis: Central Nervous System Pathology 496 Disorders of the Spinal Cord, Nerve Root, and Plexus Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Pathology, Etiology, and Diagnosis 497 Tumors of the Spinal Column 498 Tumors of the Spinal Cord 499 Syringomyelia 501 Subacute Combined Degeneration 502 Cervical Disc Herniation 503 Lumbar Disc Herniation: Clinical Manifestations 504 Disorders of the Motor Neuron, Peripheral Nerve, Neuromuscular Junction, and Skeletal Muscles Diseases of the Motor-Sensory Unit: Regional Classification 505 Primary Motor Neuron Disease 506 Peripheral Neuropathies: Metabolic, Toxic, and Nutritional 507 Mononeuritis Multiplex With Polyarteritis Nodosa 508 Myasthenia Gravis 509 Guillain-Barré Syndrome 510 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 512 Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis 513 Index 515