Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

The Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology presents an extensive case collection of both common and less common conditions of the jaws and teeth. Focusing on the essentials of radiologic interpretation, this is a go-to companion for clinicians in everyday practice who have radiologically identified a potential abnormality, as well as a comprehensive study guide for students at all levels of dentistry, surgery and radiology.

    Unique lesion-based problem solving chapter makes this an easy-to-use reference in a clinical setting
    Includes 2D intraoral radiography, the panoramic radiograph, cone beam CT, multidetector CT and MRI
    Multiple cases are presented in order to demonstrate the variation in the radiological appearances of conditions affecting the jaws and teeth
    Special focus on conditions where diagnostic imaging may substantially contribute to diagnosis

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgements

How to Use This Atlas

1. Problem solving diagrams

Opaque and largely opaque conditions related to the jaws

Lucent lesions of the jaws

Mixed density lesions of the jaws

2. Radiologic anatomy

Identification of teeth (FDI notation)

The panoramic radiograph

Cone beam computed tomography

3. Anomalies of the teeth

Supernumerary teeth

Congenital absence

Delayed and early development/eruption

Ectopic development and eruption

Impaction

Macrodontia

Microdontia

Dilaceration

Enamel pearl

Talon cusp

Den invaginatus

Den evaginatus

Taurodontism

Fusion

Gemination

Concrescence

Amelogenesis imperfecta

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

Dentin dysplasia

Secondary and tertiary dentin

Pulp stones

Hypercementosis

4. Conditions related to loss of tooth structure

Caries

Attrition

Abrasion

Erosion

Internal resorption

External resorption

Fracture related to trauma

5. Inflammatory lesions of the jaws

Periapical inflammatory lesions

Periodontal inflammatory disease

Pericoronitis

Osteomyelitis of the jaws

Dentoalveolar and jaw infections involving the adjacent soft tissues

6. Osteoradionecrosis and osteonecrosis of the jaws

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws

Osteonecrosis of the jaws

7. Hamartomatous/hyperplastic bony opacities and prominences involving the jaws

Torus palatinus

Torus mandibularis

Exostoses

Bone island

8. Cysts and cyst-like lesions involving the jaws

8.1 Odontogenic cysts and cyst-like lesions

Radicular cyst

Residual cyst

Dentigerous cyst

Buccal bifurcation cyst

Keratocystic odontogenic tumour

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

Lateral periodontal cyst

Glandular odontogenic cyst

8.2 Non-odontogenic cyst and cyst-like lesions

Simple bone cyst

Nasopalatine duct cyst

Nasolabial cyst

9. Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws

Fibrous dysplasia

Cemento-osseous dysplasia

Ossifying fibroma

10. Benign tumours involving the jaws

10.1 Odontogenic benign tumours

Ameloblastoma

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour

Odontoma

Ameloblastic fibroma.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma.

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour.

Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour

Odontogenic myxoma

Cementoblastoma

10.2 Non-odontogenic benign tumours involving the jaws

Osteoma

Gardner’s syndrome

Osteochrondroma

Schwannoma (within the jaws)

Osteoblastoma

Osteoid osteoma

Desmoplastic fibroma

11. Malignant lesions involving the jaws

11.1 Imaging of malignancies involving the jaws

11.2 Radiologic features of malignancies involving the jaws

11.3 Features of some malignancies which more commonly involve the jaws

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Metastatic lesions

Lymphomas and leukemias

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (involving the jaws)

Multiple myeloma

12. Vascular anomalies of the mid and lower face

12.1 Vascular Tumours (Proliferative neoplasms)

Haemangioma

Other lesions included in this grouping

12.2 Vascular malformations

Low-flow lesions

Veno-lymphatic malformations or lymphangiomas

Capillary malformations

Veno-cavernous malformations

High-flow lesions

Arterio-venous malformations

13. Other diseases affecting the jaws

Central giant cell granuloma

Aneurysmal bone cyst

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Paget’s Disease of bone

14. Other morphologic anomalies involving the jaws

Hemimandibular hyperplasia

Mandibular and hemimandibular hypoplasia

Stafne defect

Cleft lip and palate

15. Other systemic conditions affecting the jaws

Osteopenic appearance of the jaws

Increase density appearance of the jaws

Jaw size alterations

Jaw morphology changes

Dentoalveolar alterations

16. Orofacial soft tissue opacities

Tonsillar calcifications

Lymph node calcifications

Stylohyoid ligamentous ossification

Thyroid and triticeous cartilage calcifications

Arterial calcifications related to arteriosclerosis

Phlebolith

Sialoliths

Paranasal and nasal calcifications

Myositis ossificans

17. Trauma and fractures

17.1 Teeth and supporting structures

Subluxation

Luxation

Avulsion

Fracture of teeth

17.2 Facial bones

Mandibular Fractures

Nasal Fracture

Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture

Orbital blow-out fracture

Le Fort Fractures

18. Temporomandibular joint

Imaging the TM joints

Condylar hyperplasia

Coronoid hyperplasia

Condylar hypoplasia

Bifid condyle

Internal derangements of the TMJ

Ganglion cysts

Degenerative joint disease

Inflammatory and erosive arthropathies

Osteochrondroma

Malignant Tumours

Synovial chondromatosis

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease

Ankylosis

Other TMJ lesions

Other non-TMJ conditions contributing to pain/dysfunction associated in the region of the TMJ and related structures

19. Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharyngeal airway impressions.

19.1 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

Normal variations and developmental anomalies

Odontogenic conditions and dentoalveolar lesions affecting the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses

Dental procedures affecting the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

Inflammatory Paranasal Sinus Disease

Acute Rhino-sinusitis (ARS)

Chronic Rhino-Sinusitis (CRS) (including Silent Sinus Syndrome)

Silent Sinus Syndrome

Mucous Retention Cysts

Sinonasal Mucocoeles

Fungal Rhino-sinusitis

Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis

Sinonasal Mycetoma

Acute Invasive Fungal Rhino-Sinusitis

Chronic Invasive Fungal Rhino-Sinusitis (CIFRS)

Granulomatous Invasive Fungal Rhino-Sinusitis (GIFRS)

Sinonasal Polyposis

Antrochoanal polyps

Granulomatous Sinonasal Inflammatory Disease

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)

Sarcoidosis

Nasal Cocaine Necrosis (NCN)

Neoplastic disease

Benign tumours

Juvenile Angiofibroma (JAF)

Sinus Osteoma

Sinonasal Inverting Papilloma (SIP)

Sinonasal cancers

Sinonasal SCCa

Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma

Minor salivary gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC)

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) or Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Lymphoma

19.2 Pharyngeal Airway impressions

Nasopharyngeal Narrowing

Oropharygeal Narrowing

Malignant disease

Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Oropharynx SCCa

Benign lesions/entities

Tonsil hypertrophy and adenoid hypertrophy

Tornwald cyst

Retention Cysts

Tortuous carotid arteries

Lingual thyroid

Polyps

Foreign body ingestion

Inflammatory lesions

Tonsillitis

Tonsillar & Peritonsillar abscess (PTA)

Retropharyngeal Space Abscess

Acute longus colli tendinitis

Retropharyngeal (RP) Adenopathy

20. Base of skull

20.1 Constitutional developmental variations

Benign notochordal cell tumor (BNCT) or Ecchordosis physaliphora

Persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal

Sphenoid benign fatty lesions (also termed arrested skull-base pneumatisation)

Meningo-encephalocoeles (ME)

Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele/Dacryocystocoele

Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS) - primary

20.2 Lesions of the base of skull

Pituitary adenoma

Clival Chordoma

Skull Base Meningioma

Skull Base Metastasis

Chondrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Skull Base Plasmacytoma/Multiple Myeloma

Foraminal expanding lesions

Nerve sheath tumours (NST)

Fibrous dysplasia

Paget’s Disease

Petrous Apex (PA) Lesions

21. Cervical spine

21.1 Congenital Variations

Platybasia

Basilar invagination

Incompletely fused C1 ring

Atlanto-occipital assimilation

Condylus tertius / basilar process

Ponticulus posticus or arcuate foramen

Asymmetric C1/C2 articulation

Odontoid variations

Cervicovertebral pseudosubluxation

Limbus Vertebrae

21.2 Degenerative Disease

Cervical Spondylosis

Diffuse Idiopathic Hyperostosis (DISH)

Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL)

21.3 Inflammatory & Depositional Conditions

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Osteomyelitis / Discitis / facetal septic arthritis, including tuberculosis

21.4 Tumours

Metastatic tumors

Multiple myeloma

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC)

Peripheral nerve Sheath tumors

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours

Index