Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery is an ideal medical reference book to consult for information in this ever-changing field! Thoroughly revised to reflect the most recent innovations in vascular and endovascular surgery, it features more than 150 chapters on topics new to this edition, and equips residents and practitioners alike with the latest procedures and techniques in this rapidly growing area. Internationally recognized experts present expanded coverage of a wide array of topics, keeping you abreast of all of today's developments! New to this edition Explore brand-new coverage of endovascular procedures and techniques. Learn from leaders in the field, including internationally recognized editors and numerous global experts in specialized disciplines. Access in-depth, detailed coverage of various vascular diseases, each sub-divided into discrete topics for a more focused approach. View procedures more clearly than ever before with the help of more than 800 full-color illustrations throughout. Access the full text and videos online at Expert Consult. By James C. Stanley, MD, Handleman Professor of Surgery, Director, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ; Frank Veith, MD, Professor of Surgery, New York University, New York, New York Professor of Surgery and William J. von Liebig Chair in Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic and Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and Thomas W Wakefield, MD, Professor , Section Head , James C. Stanley Professor of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Table of Contents: CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE 1. Pathology of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis 2. Carotid and Vertebral Artery Fibrodysplasia 3. Carotid Artery Dissection 4. Carotid Artery Kinks and Coils 5. Giant Cell Arteritis 6. Arteriographic Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease 7. Computerized Tomography in Cerebrovascular Disease 8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography in the Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease 9. Duplex scanning and spectral analysis of carotid bifurcation atherosclerotic disease 10. Transcranial Doppler in the Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease 11. Medical treatment to prevent transient ischemic attacks and ischemic stroke 12. Medical Therapy including Fibrinolytic Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke 13. Selection of Patients for Carotid Endarterectomy versus Carotid Artery Stenting 14. Technical Aspects of Percutaneous Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting for Arteriosclerotic Disease 15. Reversal of Cerebral Blood Flow to Prevent Stroke During Percutaneous Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting 16. Embolic Protection Devices to Prevent Stroke During Percutaneous Angioplasty and Stenting 17. Blood Pressure Instability After Percutaneous Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting 18. Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Stenting 19. Treatment of Recurrent Carotid Artery Stenosis After Percutaneous Angioplasty and Stenting 20. Technical Aspects of Conventional Carotid Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Disease 21. Technical Aspects of Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Disease 22. Patch Graft Closure with Carotid Endarterectomy 23. Management of Infected Carotid Artery Patch 24. Role of Shunting During Carotid Endarterectomy 25. Intraoperative Assessment of the Technical Adequacy of Carotoid Endarterectomy 26. Intraoperative Recognition and Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia During Carotid Endarterectomy 27. Early Postoperative Recognition and Management of Acute Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy 28. Regional and Local Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy 29. Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting for Evolving Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis 30. Timing of Carotid Endarterectomy After Fixed Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis 31. Carotid Occlusion and Near-Carotid Occlusion of the Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery 32. Blood Pressure Instability After Carotid Endarterectomy 33. Relevance of External Carotid Artery Disease in the Setting of Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion 34. Intracranial Occlusive Disease and Aneurysms: Influence on Carotid Revascularization Outcomes 35. Pathology of Carotid Artery Restenosis 36. Treatment of Recurrent Stenosis After Previous Carotid Endarterectomy 37. Management of Concomitant Carotid and Coronary Arterial Disease 38. The Role of Extracranial Intracranial Bypass in Contemporary Practice 39. Open Surgical Treatment of Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Carotid Artery Fibrodysplasia 40. Endovascular Treatment of Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Carotid Artery 41. Vertebral Artery Reconstruction for Vertebrobasilar Ischemia 42. Endovascular Angioplasty and Stenting for Proximal Subclavian Artery Stenoses 43. Subclavian to Carotid Arterial Transposition 44. Carotid-Subclavian Bypass and other Nonanatomic Revascularizations for Proximal Subclavian Artery Stenosis 45. Conventional Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Innominate Artery Atherosclerosis 46. Extracranial Carotid Artery Aneurysms 47. Carotid Body Tumors 48. Radiation-Induced Arteritis 49. Surgical Treatment of Takayasu Arteritis UPPER EXTREMITY ARTERIAL DISEASE 50. Pathology of Upper Extremity Arterial Disease 51. Upper extremity revascularization 52. Diagnosis and Treatment of Upper Extremity Vasospastic Disease 53. Extremity Causalgia - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy 54. Thoracic Sympathectomy 55. Etiology and Anatomic Pathology of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 56. Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 57. Conservative Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 58. Transaxillary Operative Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 59. Supraclavicular Operative Approach for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 60. Treatment of Arterial Complications in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 61. Subclavian and Axillary Artery Aneurysms 62. Buerger's Disease 63. Ergotism 64. Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome AORTIC ANEURYSM 65. Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 66. Genetics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 67. Pathogensis of Inflammatory Aortic Aneurysms 68. Pathophysiology of Aortic Dissections 69. Arteriomegaly and Aneurysmosis 70. Vascular complications of Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome 71. Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 72. Arteriography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 73. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 74. Computed Tomography and Computed Tomographic Arteriography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 75. Selection of Patients with Aortic Aneurysms for Open Surgical or Endovascular Repair 76. Management of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 77. Endovascular Treatment of Nonruptured Infrarenal Aortic and Aortoiliac Aneurysms 78. Endovascular Treatment of Pararenal and Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 79. Endovascular Treatment of Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 80. Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms 81. Management of Coexistent Splanchnic and Renal Artery Occlusive Disease During Endovascular Aortic Reconstructions 82. Internal iliac artery embolization as an adjunct to endovascular aneurysm repair 83. Endovascular Iliac Branch Devices for Iliac Aneurysms 84. Iliac Artery Conduits for Endovascular Access 85. Conversion to Open Surgical Treatment after Failed Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair 86. Treatment of Endovascular Leaks after Aortic Endografting 87. Management of Acute Limb Ischemia Complicating Aortic Reconstruction 88. Intestinal and Renal Ischemia Complicating Open and Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Reconstructions 89. Neurologic Complications After Open and Endovascular Aortic Surgery 90. Postoperative Surveillance of Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Endografts 91. Treatment of Aortic Endograft Migration 92. Open Transperitoneal Surgical Treatment of Nonruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms 93. Open Surgical Treatment of Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms 94. Surgical Treatment of Infected Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 95. Surgical Treatment of Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 96. Open Surgical Treatment of Pararenal and Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 97. Retreoperitoneal Approach for Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysmectomy 98. Autotransfusion in Aortic Reconstruction 99. Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm-Inferior Vena Cava Fistula 100. Management of Primary Aortoenteric Fistulas 101. Renal Ectopia and Renal Fusion in Patients Requiring Abdominal Aortic Operations 102. Venous Anomalies Encountered During Aortic Reconstruction 103. Open and Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Renal Transplant Patients 104. Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Concurrent Nonvascular Disease 105. Recognition and Treatment of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Following Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair 106. Endovascular Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms 107. Endovascular Graft Completion of Thoracic Aneurysm Repair 108. Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Debranching in the Endovascular Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms 109. Endograft (Vortec) Reconstruction of Aortic Branches Allowing Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms 110. Multibranched endovascular repair of TAAA 111. Open Surgical Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms 112. Open Surgical Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms 113. Paraplegia Prevention in Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair 114. Non-operative Medical Management of Acute Aortic Dissection 115. Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Dissections 116. Open Surgical Treatment of Aortic Dissections 117. Natural History and Open Treatment of Isolated Iliac Artery Aneurysms 118. Endovascular Treatment of Isolated Iliac Artery Aneurysms 119. Long-Term Alterations in Large Caliber Arterial Prostheses Used for Aortic Replacement 120. Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms LOWER EXTREMITY ANEURYSM 121. Arteriosclerotic Femoral Artery Aneurysms 122. Infected Femoral Artery False Aneurysms 123. Obturator Foramen Bypass Grafts in Groin Sepsis 124. Endovascular Treatment of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms 125. Open Surgical Treatment of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms AORTOILIAC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 126. Anatomic Pattern and Natural History of Aortoiliac and Infrainguinal Atherosclerosis 127. Conventional Arteriography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, and Computed Tomographic Arteriography of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 128. Physiologic and Noninvasive Studies to Document Severity and Extent of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 129. Selection of Patients for Open Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 130. Percutaneous Arterial Angioplasty, with and without Stenting for Atherosclerotic Aortic and Iliac Artery Occlusive Disease 131. Aortofemoral Bypass for Atherosclerotic Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 132. Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 133. Management of Juxtarenal Aortic Occlusive Disease by Retroperitoneal Transabdominal Exposures of the Pararenal and Suprarenal Aorta 134. Acute Aortic Occlusion 135. Aortic Graft Limb Occlusion 136. Open and Endovascular Treatment of Anastomotic Aneurysms After Aortoaortic, Aortoiliac and Aortofemoral Bypass 137. Laparoscopic Aortic Surgery 138. Combined Endovascular and Laparoscopic Aortic Surgery 139. Abdominal Aortic Coarctation and Hypoplasia 140. Descending Thoracic Aorta to Femoral Artery Bypass 141. Axillofemoral Bypass 142. Unilateral Retroperitoneal Iliofemoral Bypass 143. Femorofemoral Bypass for Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 144. Diagnosis of Aortic Graft Infection 145. Treatment of Aortic Graft Infection by Replacement 146. In Situ Treatment of Aortic Graft Infection with Prosthetic Grafts and Allografts 147. Aortic Graft-Enteric Fistula 148. Vasculogenic and Postoperative Neurogenic Impotence 149. Drug Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction 150. Management of Groin Lymphocele and Lymph Fistula 151. Management of Chyloperitoneum and Chylothorax After Aortic Reconstruction 152. Coronary Artery Disease in Patients being Treated for Aortic Aneurysms and Occlusive Disease 153. Pulmonary Risks in Patients being Treated for Aortic Aneurysms and Occlusive Disease 154. Metabolic Syndrome in the Contemporary World 155. Smoking as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease 156. Smoking: Preventive Measures 157. Treatment of Dyslipidemia and Hypertriglyceridemia 158. Hypertension as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease 159. Diabetes as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Disease 160. Homocysteine as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease 161. Nitric Oxide and Vascular Disease 162. Integrative Therapies in Vascular Disease LOWER EXTREMITY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 163. Conventional and Computed Tomographic Angiography for Evaluation of Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease 164. Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Evaluation of Infrarenal Occlusive Disease 165. Doppler Pressure Evaluation of Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease 166. Duplex Imaging of Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease 167. Intravascular Ultrasound for Imaging of Diseased Arteries 168. Selection of Patients for Open Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 169. Percutaneous Angioplasty with and without Stenting for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 170. Subintimal Recanalization for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 171. Endovascular Grafts in the Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 172. Percutaneous Cryoplasty and Laser Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 173. Duplex Directed Vascular Intervention for Lower Extremity Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease 174. Reversed and Nonreversed Transposed Autogenous Vein Grafting for Atherosclerotic Lower Extremity Oclusive Disease 175. Short Vein Grafts from the Distal Superficial Femoral, Popliteal, or Infrapopliteal Arteries for Limb Salvage 176. In Situ Saphenous Vein Grafting for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 177. Arm Veins for Lower Extremity Arterial Reconstruction 178. Composite Sequential Bypass Grafts for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 179. Expanded Teflon and Dacron Grafts for Lower Extremity Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease 180. Human Umbilical Vein and Other Biografts for Atherosclerotic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 181. Deep Femoral Artery Reconstruction for the Treatment of Lower Extremity Ischemia 182. Open Superficial Femoral Artery Endarterectomy for Lower Extremity Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease 183. Percutaneous Mechnical and Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Thrombosis of Lower Extremity Arteries and Grafts 184. Operative Thrombectomy for Acute Thrombosis of Lower Extremity Bypass Grafts 185. Surveillance of Lower Extremity Bypass Grafts 186. Open Surgery and Endovascular Management of Failing Infrainguinal Bypass Graft 187. Complications and Treatment of Persistent Sciatic Arteries 188. Popliteal Artery Adventitial Cystic Disease 189. Popliteal Entrapment and Chronic Lower Extremity Compartment Syndromes 190. Exercise in the Management of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease 191. Pharmacologic Management of Intermittent Claudication 192. Ulceration of the Neuroischemic Diabetic Foot 193. Lumbar Sympathectomy for Lower Extremity Ischemic Ulcers 194. Angiogenic Gene Therapy 195. Stem Cell Therapy 196. Prothrombotic States and Vascular Thromboses 197. Role of Antithrombotic Drugs in Maintaining Graft Patency 198. Complications of Heparin Anticoagulation Therapy EMBOLIC DISEASES OF THE EXTREMITIES 199. Arterial Macroembolism 200. Paradoxical Embolism 201. Microarterial Atheroembolism 202. Operative Revascularization for "Trash Foot" 203. Anticoagulant and Lytic Therapy for Arterial Thromboembolism in the Extremities 204. Balloon Catheter Embolectomy for Macroembolization in the Extremities 205. Noninvasive Methods of Diagnosing Cardiac and Noncardiac Sources of Macroemboli AMPUTATION 206. Toe and Foot Amputations 207. Below-Knee Amputations 208. Above-Knee Amputations and Hip Disarticulations 209. Upper Extremity Amputations 210. Rehabilitation of the Amputee VASCULAR TRAUMA 211. Conventional and Computed Tomographic Arteriography in Penetrating Vascular Injuries 212. Nonarteriographic Evaluation of Penetrating Vascular Injuries 213. Penetrating and Blunt Injuries of the Carotid Artery 214. Penetrating and Blunt Injuries of the Vertebral Artery 215. Blunt Arterial Injuries of the Shoulder, Open and Endovascular Therapy 216. Penetrating Injuries of the Aortic Arch, Innominate Artery and Subclavian Artery 217. Open and Endovascular Treatment of Blunt and Penetrating Nonaortic Abdominal Vascular Injuries 218. Open and Endovascular Repair of Aortic Injury 219. Complications of Upper and Lower Extremity Percutaneous Arterial Puncture and Catheterization 220. Open and Endovascular Treatment of Penetrating Extremity Arterial Injuries 221. Blunt Arterial Injuries to the Knee 222. Fasciotomy in Vascular Trauma and Extremity Compartment Syndrome 223. Ischemia-Induced Myonecrosis, Myoglobinuria, and Secondary Renal Failure 224. Vascular Injury Secondary to Drug Abuse 225. Cold Injury 226. Pediatric Iatrogenic Vascular Injury MESENTERIC VASCULAR DISEASE 227. Arteriographic Evaluation of Splanchnic Artery Occlusive Disease 228. Duplex Scanning in the Diagnosis of Splanchnic Artery Occlusive Disease 229. Acute Embolic and Thrombotic Mesenteric Ischemia 230. Endovascular Therapy for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia 231. Transaortic Splanchnic Endarterectomy for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemi 232. Arterial Bypass for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia 233. Operative Treatment of Pediatric Splanchnic Arterial Occlusive Disease 234. Celiac Artery Compression Syndrome 235. Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia 236. Venous Thrombosis within the Splanchnic Circulation 237. Celiac, Hepatic,and Splenic Artery Aneurysms 238. Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm 239. Gastroduodenal and Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysms 240. Vascular Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulae of the Gastrointestinal Tract RENOVASCULAR DISEASE 241. Pathology of Arteriosclerotic, Fibrodysplastic, and Developmental Renal Artery Occlusive Disease 242. Conventional Arteriographic and Computed Tomographic Arteriographic Diagnosis of Renovascular Hypertension 243. Magnetic Resonance Angiography in the Evaluation of Renovascular Disease 244. Duplex Scanning in the Evaluation of Renal Arteiral Occlusive Disease 245. Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Artery Occlusive Disease 246. Renal Insufficiency and Renal Artery Occlusive Disease 247. Selection of Patients for Open Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Arteriosclerotic Disease 248. Percutaneous Arterial Dilation and Stenting for Arteriosclerotic Renovascular Hypertension 249. Percutaneous Arterial Dilation for Fibrodysplastic Renovascular Hypertension 250. Transaortic Renal Artery and Endarterectomy for Renal Artery Atherosclerosis 251. Aortorenal Bypass for Renovascular Hypertension in Adults 252. Alternative Renal Artery Reconstructive Techniques: Hepatorenal, Spenorenal, Iliorenal, and Mesorenal Bypass Procedures 253. Ex Vivo Arterial Repair for Renovascular Hypertension Secondary to Fibrodysplasia 254. Operative Evaluation of Renal and Visceral Arterial Reconstructions Using Duplex Sonography 255. Surgical Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension in Children 256. Renal Artery Dissections 257. Renal Artery Embolism 258. Renal Vein Thrombosis 259. Treatment of Renal Artery Aneurysms 260. Renal Arteriovenous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulae ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE AND ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS 261. Classification of Peripheral Arteriovenous and Venous Malformations 262. Arteriography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography for the Diagnosis of Peripheral Vascular Fistulae and Arterial and Venous Malformations 263. Treatment of Congenital Vascular Malformations in Children and Adults 264. Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistulas ANGIOACCESS SURGERY 265. External Methods of Angioaccess 266. Direct Arteriovenous Communication Angioaccess 267. Bridge Grafts for Angioaccess 268. Surveillance of Angioaccess Graft Function 269. Treatment of Thrombotic Complications of Dialysis Access 270. Ambulatory Treatment of Dialysis Access Stenoses VENOUS DISEASE 271. Coagulation Cascade and Thrombosis 272. Pathophysiology of Acute Venous Thrombosis 273. Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Venous Disease 274. Magnetic Resonance Venography and Computed Tomographic Venography 275. Invasive Methods of Diagnosing Acute and Chronic Venous Disease 276. Natural History of Acute Venous Thrombosis 277. Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Lower Extremity Venous Thrombosis 278. New and Alternative Anticoagulants 279. Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis 280. Endovascular Thrombolysis and Mechanical Clot Removal for Acute Symptomatic Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis 281. Open Surgical Treatment of Acute Iliofemoral and Inferior Vena Thrombosis 282. Treatment of Acute Upper Extremity Venous Occlusion 283. Treatment of Septic (Purulent and Suppurative) Thrombophlebitis 284. Pathology and Classification of Chronic Venous Insufficiency 285. Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Venous Occlusion 286. Endovascular Laser Treatment of Varicose Veins 287. Endovascular Radiofrequency Treatment of Varicose Veins 288. Injection Treatment of Lower Extremity Varicose Veins 289. Excision of Varicose Veins 290. Open Surgical Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency 291. Nonoperative Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency 292. Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Venous Ulcers 293. Open Surgical, Endoscopic, and Endovascular Treatment of Perforating Veins 294. Nonoperative Treatment of Venous Ulcers 295. Renal Vein Entrapment: Nutcracker Syndrome 296. Pelvic Venous Flow Disorders and Pelvic Congestion 297. Endovascular Treatment of Vena Cava Occlusion 298. Open Surgical Treatment of Thrombotic Vena Cava Occlusion 299. Primary and Secondary Vena Cava Tumors 300. Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism 301. Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pulmonary Embolism 302. Permanent and Temporary Vena Cava Filters 303. Venous Aneurysms LYMPHATIC DISEASE 304. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation 305. Lymphedema, Medical and Physical Therapy 306. Surgical Treatment of Lymphedema